1.
簡介
簡述：PHP 資料物件 （PDO） 擴展為PHP存取資料庫定義了一個輕量級的一致接口
特色：PDO 提供了一個 資料存取 抽象層,不管使用哪種資料庫,都可以用相同的函數(方法)來查詢和存取資料
2.
連結與管理
連接到 MySQL
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$dbh = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test', $user, $pass); |
處理連結錯誤
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try { $dbh = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test', $user, $pass); foreach($dbh->query('SELECT * from FOO') as $row) { print_r($row); } $dbh = null;} catch (PDOException $e) { print "Error!: " . $e->getMessage() . "<br/>"; die();} |
關閉一個連結
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$dbh = null; |
持續連線
優點：無需每次建立一個新的連結，讓web application 更快
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$dbh = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test', $user, $pass, array( PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT => true)); |
3.
交易與自動提交
四大特性
原子性（Atomicity）
一致性（Consistency）
隔離性（Isolation）
持久性（Durability）
假如資料庫不支援Transactions可運行的程式碼
啟動
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PDO::beginTransaction() |
提交
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PDO::commit() |
倒回
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PDO::rollBack() |
一個交易處理例子
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try { $dbh = new PDO('odbc:SAMPLE', 'db2inst1', 'ibmdb2', array(PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT => true)); echo "Connected\n";} catch (Exception $e) { die("Unable to connect: " . $e->getMessage());}try { $dbh->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); $dbh->beginTransaction(); $dbh->exec("insert into staff (id, first, last) values (23, 'Joe', 'Bloggs')"); $dbh->exec("insert into salarychange (id, amount, changedate) values (23, 50000, NOW())"); $dbh->commit(); } catch (Exception $e) { $dbh->rollBack(); echo "Failed: " . $e->getMessage();} |
4.
預先語句與儲存過程
預先語句的插入
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$stmt = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO REGISTRY (name, value) VALUES (:name, :value)");$stmt->bindParam(':name', $name);$stmt->bindParam(':value', $value);// 插入一行$name = 'one';$value = 1;$stmt->execute();// 用不同的值插入另一行$name = 'two';$value = 2;$stmt->execute(); |
預防 SQL 注入攻擊
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$stmt = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM REGISTRY where name = ?");if ($stmt->execute(array($_GET['name']))) { while ($row = $stmt->fetch()) { print_r($row); }} |
設定 限制 輸入與輸出 型態
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$stmt = $dbh->prepare("CALL sp_takes_string_returns_string(?)");$value = 'hello';$stmt->bindParam(1, $value, PDO::PARAM_STR|PDO::PARAM_INPUT_OUTPUT, 4000); // 调用存储过程$stmt->execute();print "procedure returned $value\n"; |
正確的LIKE使用
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$stmt = $dbh->prepare("SELECT * FROM REGISTRY where name LIKE ?");$stmt->execute(array("%$_GET[name]%")); |
5.
錯誤與處理
PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT
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PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT |
簡單設置錯誤碼，可使用
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PDO::errorCode()PDO::errorInfo() |
檢查語句與資料庫物件
PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING
主要功能：發出E_WARNING資訊，不中斷應用程式
使用時機：測試期
PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION
主要功能：設置錯誤碼、丟出PDOException異常類別，設置他的屬性來反映錯誤程式碼與錯誤訊息
一個簡單的pdo錯誤處理
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$dsn = 'mysql:dbname=testdb;host=127.0.0.1';$user = 'dbuser';$password = 'dbpass';try { $dbh = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password); $dbh->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);} catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Connection failed: ' . $e->getMessage();} |
6.
Large Objects
主要用於大量資料，通常是4kb以上，可使用PDO::PARAM_LOB處理
使用PDO::PARAM_LOB顯示一張照片
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$db = new PDO('odbc:SAMPLE', 'db2inst1', 'ibmdb2');$stmt = $db->prepare("select contenttype, imagedata from images where id=?");$stmt->execute(array($_GET['id']));$stmt->bindColumn(1, $type, PDO::PARAM_STR, 256);$stmt->bindColumn(2, $lob, PDO::PARAM_LOB);$stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_BOUND);header("Content-Type: $type");fpassthru($lob); |
使用PDO::PARAM_LOB插入一張照片
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$db = new PDO('odbc:SAMPLE', 'db2inst1', 'ibmdb2');$stmt = $db->prepare("insert into images (id, contenttype, imagedata) values (?, ?, ?)");$id = get_new_id(); // 调用某个函数来分配一个新 ID// 假设处理一个文件上传// 可以在 PHP 文档中找到更多的信息$fp = fopen($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], 'rb');$stmt->bindParam(1, $id);$stmt->bindParam(2, $_FILES['file']['type']);$stmt->bindParam(3, $fp, PDO::PARAM_LOB);$db->beginTransaction();$stmt->execute();$db->commit(); |
7.
PDO
PDO::beginTransaction
一個transactions簡單的例子
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/* 開始一個Transaction，關閉自動提交 */$dbh->beginTransaction();/* 更改資料庫架構及資料 */$sth = $dbh->exec("DROP TABLE fruit");$sth = $dbh->exec("UPDATE dessert SET name = 'hamburger'");/* 識別出錯誤並倒回更改 */$dbh->rollBack();/* 資料庫連接現在返回到自動提交模式 */ |
PDO::commit
一個簡單的範例
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/* 開始一個Transaction，關閉自動提交 */$dbh->beginTransaction();/* 在全有或全無的基礎上插入多行記錄（全部插入，全部不插入） */$sql = 'INSERT INTO fruit (name, colour, calories) VALUES (?, ?, ?)';$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);foreach ($fruits as $fruit) { $sth->execute(array( $fruit->name, $fruit->colour, $fruit->calories, ));}/* 提交更改 */$dbh->commit();/* 現在資料庫連接返回到自動提交模式 */ |
PDO::__construct
建立一個資料庫連結的PDO實例
一個簡單的例子
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/* Connect to an ODBC database using driver invocation */$dsn = 'mysql:dbname=testdb;host=127.0.0.1';$user = 'dbuser';$password = 'dbpass';try { $dbh = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password);} catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Connection failed: ' . $e->getMessage();} |
PDO::errorCode
一個簡單的範例
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/* 引發一个錯誤 -- BONES 資料表不存在 */$dbh->exec("INSERT INTO bones(skull) VALUES ('lucy')");echo "\nPDO::errorCode(): ";print $dbh->errorCode();// 輸出PDO::errorCode(): 42S02 |
PDO::errorInfo
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/* Provoke an error -- bogus SQL syntax */$stmt = $dbh->prepare('bogus sql');if (!$stmt) { echo "\nPDO::errorInfo():\n"; print_r($dbh->errorInfo());}/*PDO::errorInfo():Array( [0] => HY000 [1] => 1 [2] => near "bogus": syntax error)*/ |
PDO::getAttribute
取回一個資料庫連結的屬性
- PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT
- PDO::ATTR_CASE
- PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION
- PDO::ATTR_CONNECTION_STATUS
- PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME
- PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE
- PDO::ATTR_ORACLE_NULLS
- PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT
- PDO::ATTR_PREFETCH
- PDO::ATTR_SERVER_INFO
- PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION
- PDO::ATTR_TIMEOUT
一個簡單的範例
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$conn = new PDO('odbc:sample', 'db2inst1', 'ibmdb2');$attributes = array( "AUTOCOMMIT", "ERRMODE", "CASE", "CLIENT_VERSION", "CONNECTION_STATUS", "ORACLE_NULLS", "PERSISTENT", "PREFETCH", "SERVER_INFO", "SERVER_VERSION", "TIMEOUT");foreach ($attributes as $val) { echo "PDO::ATTR_$val: "; echo $conn->getAttribute(constant("PDO::ATTR_$val")) . "\n";} |
PDO::getAvailableDrivers
回傳一個可使用的驅動
一個簡單的範例
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print_r(PDO::getAvailableDrivers()); |
PDO::inTransaction
檢查是否在一個Transactions內
PDO::lastInsertId
回傳最後插入的id或序列值
PDO::prepare
預先準備語句 回傳一個語句的物件
一個簡單的範例
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$sql = 'SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour';$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql, array(PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_FWDONLY));$sth->execute(array(':calories' => 150, ':colour' => 'red'));$red = $sth->fetchAll();$sth->execute(array(':calories' => 175, ':colour' => 'yellow'));$yellow = $sth->fetchAll();// 執行重複語句/* Execute a prepared statement by passing an array of values */$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < ? AND colour = ?');$sth->execute(array(150, 'red'));$red = $sth->fetchAll();$sth->execute(array(175, 'yellow'));$yellow = $sth->fetchAll(); |
PDO::query
執行SQL語句並回傳結果
一個簡單的範例
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function getFruit($conn) { $sql = 'SELECT name, color, calories FROM fruit ORDER BY name'; foreach ($conn->query($sql) as $row) { print $row['name'] . "\t"; print $row['color'] . "\t"; print $row['calories'] . "\n"; }/*輸出apple red 150banana yellow 250kiwi brown 75lemon yellow 25orange orange 300pear green 150watermelon pink 90/*} |
8.
PDOStatement
PDOStatement::bindColumn
使用方法：PDOStatement::bindColumn ( mixed $column , mixed &$param [, int $type [, int $maxlen [, mixed $driverdata ]]] )
參數說明：
- column：欄位序號（從1開始索引）或欄位名稱。如果使用欄位名稱，注意名稱應該與由驅動回傳的列名大小寫保持一致。
- param：將綁定到列的 PHP 變數名稱
- type：通過 PDO::PARAM_* 常數指定的參數的資料類型。
- maxlen：預分配提示。
- driverdata：驅動的可選參數。
一個簡單的範例
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function readData($dbh) { $sql = 'SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit'; try { $stmt = $dbh->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(); /* Bind by column number */ $stmt->bindColumn(1, $name); $stmt->bindColumn(2, $colour); /* Bind by column name */ $stmt->bindColumn('calories', $cals); while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_BOUND)) { $data = $name . "\t" . $colour . "\t" . $cals . "\n"; print $data; } } catch (PDOException $e) { print $e->getMessage(); }}readData($dbh); |
PDOStatement::bindParam
绑定一个參數到指定的變數名稱
使用方法：
bool PDOStatement::bindParam ( mixed $parameter , mixed &$variable [, int $data_type = PDO::PARAM_STR [, int $length [, mixed $driver_options ]]] )
參數說明：
- parameter：參數標識符號。對於使用命名佔位符的預處理語句，應是類似 :name 形式的參數名。對於使用問號佔位符的預處理語句，應是以1開始索引的參數位置。
- variable：綁定到 SQL 語句參數的 PHP 變量名。
- data_type：使用 PDO::PARAM_* 常數明確地指定參數的類型。
- length：資料類型的長度。為表明參數是一個存儲過程的 OUT 參數，必須明確地設置此長度。
- driver_options
一個簡單的範例
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/* Execute a prepared statement by binding PHP variables */$calories = 150;$colour = 'red';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour');$sth->bindParam(':calories', $calories, PDO::PARAM_INT);$sth->bindParam(':colour', $colour, PDO::PARAM_STR, 12);$sth->execute();// 對應的/* Execute a prepared statement by binding PHP variables */$calories = 150;$colour = 'red';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < ? AND colour = ?');$sth->bindParam(1, $calories, PDO::PARAM_INT);$sth->bindParam(2, $colour, PDO::PARAM_STR, 12);$sth->execute(); |
PDOStatement::bindValue
參數說明:
- parameter：參數標識符。對於使用命名佔位符的預處理語句，應是類似 :name 形式的參數名。對於使用問號佔位符的預處理語句，應是以1開始索引的參數位置。
- value：綁定到參數的值
- data_type：使用 PDO::PARAM_* 常數明確地指定參數的類型。
差異 bindParamm 與 bindValue
bindParam會將一個PHP變數與SQL綁定，當變數變化時，SQL也會變動，bindValue則不會，只會執行最初綁定的值
參考資料：http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1179874/what-is-the-difference-between-bindparam-and-bindvalue
PDOStatement::columnCount
回傳執行結果用了幾個欄位
一個簡單的範例
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$dbh = new PDO('odbc:sample', 'db2inst1', 'ibmdb2');$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT name, colour FROM fruit");/* Count the number of columns in the (non-existent) result set */$colcount = $sth->columnCount();print("Before execute(), result set has $colcount columns (should be 0)\n");$sth->execute();/* Count the number of columns in the result set */$colcount = $sth->columnCount();print("After execute(), result set has $colcount columns (should be 2)\n");/*Before execute(), result set has 0 columns (should be 0)After execute(), result set has 2 columns (should be 2)*/ |
PDOStatement::debugDumpParams
一個簡單的範例
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/* Execute a prepared statement by binding PHP variables */$calories = 150;$colour = 'red';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour');$sth->bindParam(':calories', $calories, PDO::PARAM_INT);$sth->bindValue(':colour', $colour, PDO::PARAM_STR, 12);$sth->execute();$sth->debugDumpParams();/*SQL: [96] SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colourParams: 2Key: Name: [9] :caloriesparamno=-1name=[9] ":calories"is_param=1param_type=1Key: Name: [7] :colourparamno=-1name=[7] ":colour"is_param=1param_type=2*/ |
PDOStatement::errorCode
一個簡單的範例
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/* Provoke an error -- the BONES table does not exist */$err = $dbh->prepare('SELECT skull FROM bones');$err->execute();echo "\nPDOStatement::errorCode(): ";print $err->errorCode(); // PDOStatement::errorCode(): 42S02 |
PDOStatement::errorInfo
回傳值
0 SQLSTATE error code (a five characters alphanumeric identifier defined in the ANSI SQL standard).
1 Driver specific error code.
2 Driver specific error message.
1 Driver specific error code.
2 Driver specific error message.
一個簡單的範例
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/* Provoke an error -- the BONES table does not exist */$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT skull FROM bones');$sth->execute();echo "\nPDOStatement::errorInfo():\n";$arr = $sth->errorInfo();print_r($arr);/*PDOStatement::errorInfo():Array( [0] => 42S02 [1] => -204 [2] => [IBM][CLI Driver][DB2/LINUX] SQL0204N "DANIELS.BONES" is an undefined name. SQLSTATE=42704)*/ |
PDOStatement::execute
執行一個預備語句
一個簡單的範例
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/* Execute a prepared statement by binding a variable and value */$calories = 150;$colour = 'gre';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour LIKE :colour');$sth->bindParam(':calories', $calories, PDO::PARAM_INT);$sth->bindValue(':colour', "%{$colour}%");$sth->execute();// 以陣列執行$calories = 150;$colour = 'red';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour');$sth->execute(array(':calories' => $calories, ':colour' => $colour));//使用？執行/* Execute a prepared statement by passing an array of insert values */$calories = 150;$colour = 'red';$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit WHERE calories < ? AND colour = ?');$sth->execute(array($calories, $colour)); |
使用in語句
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/* Execute a prepared statement using an array of values for an IN clause */$params = array(1, 21, 63, 171);/* Create a string for the parameter placeholders filled to the number of params */$place_holders = implode(',', array_fill(0, count($params), '?'));/* This prepares the statement with enough unnamed placeholders for every value in our $params array. The values of the $params array are then bound to the placeholders in the prepared statement when the statement is executed. This is not the same thing as using PDOStatement::bindParam() since this requires a reference to the variable. PDOStatement::execute() only binds by value instead.*/$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT id, name FROM contacts WHERE id IN ($place_holders)");$sth->execute($params); |
PDOStatement::fetch
模式
- PDO::FETCH_ASSOC
- PDO::FETCH_BOTH
- PDO::FETCH_BOUND
- PDO::FETCH_CLASS
- PDO::FETCH_INTO
- PDO::FETCH_LAZY
- PDO::FETCH_NUM
- PDO::FETCH_OBJ
一個簡單的比較
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$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT name, colour FROM fruit");$sth->execute();/* 使用 PDOStatement::fetch 風格 */print("PDO::FETCH_ASSOC: ");print("Return next row as an array indexed by column name\n");$result = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);print_r($result);print("\n");print("PDO::FETCH_BOTH: ");print("Return next row as an array indexed by both column name and number\n");$result = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_BOTH);print_r($result);print("\n");print("PDO::FETCH_LAZY: ");print("Return next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties\n");$result = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_LAZY);print_r($result);print("\n");print("PDO::FETCH_OBJ: ");print("Return next row as an anonymous object with column names as properties\n");$result = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);print $result->NAME;print("\n");/*PDO::FETCH_ASSOC: Return next row as an array indexed by column nameArray( [name] => apple [colour] => red)PDO::FETCH_BOTH: Return next row as an array indexed by both column name and numberArray( [name] => banana [0] => banana [colour] => yellow [1] => yellow)PDO::FETCH_LAZY: Return next row as an anonymous object with column names as propertiesPDORow Object( [name] => orange [colour] => orange)PDO::FETCH_OBJ: Return next row as an anonymous object with column names as propertieskiwi*/ |
PDOStatement::fetchAll
取得所有的資料
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$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT name, colour FROM fruit");$sth->execute();/* Fetch all of the remaining rows in the result set */print("Fetch all of the remaining rows in the result set:\n");$result = $sth->fetchAll();print_r($result);/*Array( [0] => Array ( [name] => pear [0] => pear [colour] => green [1] => green ) [1] => Array ( [name] => watermelon [0] => watermelon [colour] => pink [1] => pink ))*/ |
fetch 與 fetchAll 差異
抓取單筆資料用fetch 多筆使用fetchAll
PDOStatement::fetchColumn
取得欄位名稱
一個簡單的範例
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$sth = $dbh->prepare("SELECT name, colour FROM fruit");$sth->execute();print("Fetch the first column from the first row in the result set:\n");$result = $sth->fetchColumn();print("name = $result\n");print("Fetch the second column from the second row in the result set:\n");$result = $sth->fetchColumn(1);print("colour = $result\n");/*Fetch the first column from the first row in the result set:name = lemonFetch the second column from the second row in the result set:colour = red*/ |
PDOStatement::nextRowset
advances to the next rowset in a multi-rowset statement handle
一個簡單的用途
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$sql = 'CALL multiple_rowsets()';$stmt = $conn->query($sql);$i = 1;do { $rowset = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM); if ($rowset) { printResultSet($rowset, $i); } $i++;} while ($stmt->nextRowset());function printResultSet(&$rowset, $i) { print "Result set $i:\n"; foreach ($rowset as $row) { foreach ($row as $col) { print $col . "\t"; } print "\n"; } print "\n";}/*Result set 1:apple redbanana yellowResult set 2:orange orange 150banana yellow 175Result set 3:lime greenapple redbanana yellow*/ |
PDOStatement::rowCount
回傳受到影響的資料有幾筆
一個刪除影響幾筆資料的簡單範例
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/* Delete all rows from the FRUIT table */$del = $dbh->prepare('DELETE FROM fruit');$del->execute();/* Return number of rows that were deleted */print("Return number of rows that were deleted:\n");$count = $del->rowCount();print("Deleted $count rows.\n");/*Return number of rows that were deleted:Deleted 9 rows.*/ |
也可以藉由query 來顯示每筆受影響的資料
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$sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM fruit WHERE calories > 100";if ($res = $conn->query($sql)) { /* Check the number of rows that match the SELECT statement */ if ($res->fetchColumn() > 0) { /* Issue the real SELECT statement and work with the results */ $sql = "SELECT name FROM fruit WHERE calories > 100"; foreach ($conn->query($sql) as $row) { print "Name: " . $row['NAME'] . "\n"; } } /* No rows matched -- do something else */ else { print "No rows matched the query."; }}$res = null;$conn = null;/*applebananaorangepear*/ |
PDOStatement::setFetchMode
設定抓取資料的預設模式
一個設為PDO::FETCH_NUM模式
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$sql = 'SELECT name, colour, calories FROM fruit';try { $stmt = $dbh->query($sql); $result = $stmt->setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH_NUM); while ($row = $stmt->fetch()) { print $row[0] . "\t" . $row[1] . "\t" . $row[2] . "\n"; }}catch (PDOException $e) { print $e->getMessage();}/*apple red 150banana yellow 250orange orange 300kiwi brown 75lemon yellow 25pear green 150watermelon pink 90*/ |
9.
PDOException
顯示pdo產生的錯誤
類別摘要
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PDOException extends RuntimeException {/* 屬性 */public array $errorInfo ;protected string $message ;protected string $code ;/* 繼承的方法 */final public string Exception::getMessage ( void )final public Exception Exception::getPrevious ( void )final public int Exception::getCode ( void )final public string Exception::getFile ( void )final public int Exception::getLine ( void )final public array Exception::getTrace ( void )final public string Exception::getTraceAsString ( void )public string Exception::__toString ( void )final private void Exception::__clone ( void )} |
屬性
- errorInfo：相當於PDO::errorInfo() 或 PDOStatement::errorInfo()
- message：文本錯誤訊息。用 Exception::getMessage() 來存取。
- code：SQLSTATE 錯誤碼。用Exception::getCode() 來存取。
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